US civilian harm policy: takeaways for the Netherlands

Crucially, the influence of the CHMR-AP’s implementation will extend far beyond the United States, with the potential to also impact the policies and conduct of many other military forces, not in the least those of its NATO allies. Here, we consider the new policy’s implications and lessons for the Netherlands specifically. Consideration of these matters is particularly timely as the Dutch Minister of Defense recently outlined her own ‘roadmap’, announcing changes in how her ministry deals with civilian casualties caused by the Dutch military (PAX has elsewhere reflected on the MoD’s plan’s limitations). PAX, along with several other civil society partners, has been engaged in ongoing discussions with the Dutch MoD over the few past years to strengthen Dutch policy and practice in this area. The CHMR-AP can serve as a practical example of how the MoD can implement the type of policy change that PAX and others are recommending. One main point of criticism of NGOs, including PAX, on the CHMR-AP is that it is a forward-looking document and does not include an ambition to review and reassess past US-caused civilian harm cases. This has been criticized for showing a lack of accountability and because it prevents the US DoD from looking back at these cases and, in so doing, learning from past mistakes.

How future US policy will affect the Netherlands

Implementation of the CHMR-AP action points will have two main implications for the Dutch Ministry of Defense (MoD). These relate to sections 9 and 10 in the action plan, which are both premised on the recognition that actions by US ally and partner forces, or by multinational operations of which the US is a part, can cause civilian harm, which in turn may harm US legitimacy and military-strategic objectives. Both sections are meant to address this and set forth future expectations of the US regarding ally and partner forces’ policy and behavior, including those of states like the Netherlands. In section 9, the CHMR-AP calls for policy that requires the US DoD to ensure that efforts to reduce the risk of civilian harm and adequately respond to civilian harm incidents become part of security cooperation or assistance programs, thus setting (additional) requirements of ally and partner forces where it concerns their CHMR capabilities and actions. It further puts forward the concept of ‘tailored conditionality’, meaning that the US can make changes to existing security cooperation programs in response to actual CHMR outcomes of partner operations: if partner or ally forces’ actions and response to civilian harm events are not up to the US-decreed standard, this can affect military cooperation with and assistance from the US for the states in question. 

Section 10 recognizes that, in multinational operations specifically, inadequate information sharing between different military forces increases the risk that operations end up harming civilians. We have seen justification for this conclusion in the past, for instance in the 2015 Operation Inherent Resolve strike on an IED factory in Hawija, Iraq, where the Dutch military authorized and conducted an airstrike that resulted in at least 85 civilian deaths, hundreds of injured civilians, as well as widespread destruction to the area, based on incomplete information – available to the US in full at the time – about risks to the nearby civilian population. The CHMR-AP now puts forward policy that will require the US DoD to apply CHMR policies and practices in multinational operations, to encourage and support partner forces in the implementation of CHMR activities, and to contribute to realizing shared assessments of, and responsibilities for monitoring of and response to civilian harm. 

In conclusion, the CHMR-AP elevates CHMR standards within the US DoD and, crucially, sets forth similar expectations with regard to ally and partner forces like the Netherlands. While the Dutch MoD has already begun to improve its civilian harm policies and procedures, more is needed in this area. Here too, the CHMR-AP can offer valuable lessons on what next steps can and should be taken.

What lessons the Dutch MoD can draw from the CHMR-AP

We will highlight three action points from the CHMR-AP here. This is not to suggest that there is not more to take away from the document. Rather, as an organization that seeks to elevate the civilian perspective in international discussions on the Protection of Civilians, we choose to highlight three specific activities that have the potential to better incorporate attention for civilian needs and the civilian perspective in military operations. Combined, these activities – when implemented – will lead to a more thorough understanding of the civilian environment, better inclusion of civilian input in military assessment processes, and to adequate response when civilians end up harmed by military operations. 

1. Enhancing understanding of the ‘civilian environment’

Effective civilian harm mitigation requires a thorough understanding of the ‘civilian environment’, including intimate knowledge of relevant demographics and of the infrastructure, systems and services on which civilians depend. Sections 3 and 4 of the CHMR-AP require the US military to better incorporate knowledge of the civilian environment in operational plans and to anticipate the impact of the latter on the former in order to know how to mitigate civilian harm to the greatest extent possible. It further intends to enhance this knowledge and capacity by establishing Civilian Environment Teams, consisting of intelligence staff and experts in the human terrain, civilian infrastructure and urban systems and services, and civil engineers, to assist commanders in understanding the impact of an operation on civilians when developing a target. PAX welcomes this change as it could also enhance knowledge of and capacity to minimize reverberating civilian harm effects of military operations, and recommends the Dutch MoD to invest in similar staff capacity. 

2. Improving civilian harm assessments and investigations

Sections 6 and 7 lay out multiple steps to improve and standardize civilian harm assessment and investigation procedures. Two key elements in this are the recognition of the importance of external sources, such as data from witnesses or media and NGO reports when assessing civilian harm allegations, as well as the requirement to establish reporting mechanisms through which (affected) civilians or civil society can directly submit information regarding civilian harm incidents to the military. Both steps are critical to ensure that important civilian harm information is not missed and to provide some means of accountability by providing civilians with a platform through which to bring civilian harm incidents to the military’s attention. PAX has made similar recommendations to the Dutch MoD before regarding the importance of external data and has elsewhere published a report on the importance of ‘civilian harm reporting mechanisms’ and our recommendations for their effective implementation. 

3. Improving response to civilian harm incidents 

CHMR-AP section 8 appreciates that US acknowledgement of and response to civilian harm has had its limitations in the past and must be improved. It is imperative that civilians who are harmed in military operations, or their remaining relatives, receive recognition for the harm that has befallen them, get the answers they need for why and how this could happen, and receive  a form of response that addresses their needs. PAX recommends the Netherlands to follow suit in recognizing the importance of appropriate and meaningful response, and – similar to the US – create guidance on the different options of response available to the MoD, including but not limited to public and private acknowledgement, ex gratia payments, medical care, and repairs to damaged property and infrastructure. We further recommend that the Dutch MoD establishes a fund for ex gratia payments to civilians harmed by its operations. 

All in all, the US is about to take a significant step forward in how it seeks to minimize, monitor, mitigate and respond to civilian harm from its own operations. In doing so, it is also raising its expectations with regard to the policies and practices of partner and ally forces, such as the Netherlands. As the Dutch MoD is currently revising its own civilian harm policies, the time is now to be as ambitious as it can be to ensure it meets those expectations and, most importantly, does all it can to better protect civilians in conflict, also heeding long-standing calls by civil society to this end.